Economic Growth Essay

There are different drivers of economic growth into country and research has to some extent also demonstrated that it can be associated with typical characteristics of the country too. Explaining economic growth through a relatively new theory of endogenous growth suggest that policy measures, if taken properly, can result into long term benefits for the country and that the country does not necessarily need to rely on the external or exogenous factors such as technological innovation. The neo-classical models of growth advocated that in order to attain a consistent long term economic growth, a consistent change into the technological advances such as new processes, new goods and new markets etc must take place. (Aghion et. al, 1998). It has always been believed that high investment and saving rates in any country tend to sustain high economic growth in that country and that coupled with relatively stable economic outlook, a higher saving rate can significantly result into greater economic growth because a larger pool of funds will be available to the firms, in the shape of household savings, that can be utilized to the best possible efficiency. It is also imperative to discuss here that the trends of saving markedly differ in developing as well as developed countries as developing countries tend to have high saving rates due to relatively smaller propensity to consume of the general masses. Since developing countries do no possess the strong manufacturing base therefore consumption tends to be relatively low as compared to the developed countries and people prefer to save rather than spend. (Aghevli, at. al, 1990) One of the most important aspects of economic growth is how the saving rates in a country shape and how they with respect to the different economic variables. However, over the period of time, research has also demonstrated that saving rates show a correlation with different economic variables in any given country. Though the same characteristics may be find over some regions however it is still believed that country’s individual characteristics such as demographics, rule of law, public finances, also show some relationship with the saving rates. It has been also successfully demonstrated that the saving rates are uneven across the countries confirming to the argument that saving rates respond to certain characteristics which may be typical of that country or region however in a study conducted by Hondroyiannis (2006) suggested that â€Å"A long-run saving function sensitive to dependency ratio, old dependency ratio, liquidity, public finances, real disposable income growth, real interest rate and inflation is found to exist†(Hondroyiannis,2006) in European countries. Thus, to some extent, it can be easily inferred that the saving rates in a particular country or a region show some related characteristics and tend to get affected by different so called country specific characteristics however the impact is in long run with little or no impact been witnessed on the short run saving rates within any country. One of the most interesting findings of the research also suggest that the government savings, in any particular country, are not particularly exogenous in nature and respond to the political as well as economic determinants of the country. (Edwards,1996). This cross country analysis conducted by Edwards strongly suggested that public savings in countries with higher degree of political instability are lower than the countries with relatively stable political situation at hand. References 1. Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt, Maxine Brant-Collett, Cecilia Garcia-Penalosa (1998). Endogenous Growth Theory. New York: MIT Press. 694. 2. George Hondroyiannis. (2006). Private saving determinants in European countries: A panel cointegration approach . The Social Science Journal. 43 (4), 553-569 . 3. Sebastian Edwards. (1996). Why are Latin America’s Savings Rates So Low? An International Comparative Analysis. Journal of Development Economics,. 51 (1), 5-44. 4. Bijan B. Aghevli, James M. Boughton, Peter J. Montiel, Del Villanueva (1990). The Role of National Saving in the World Economy. New York: International Monetary Fund. 64.

Attitudes Towards Women In World War II Essay

1. Source C is written by a Historian, this means that she will have had a long time to gather together her facts, and write using a variety of sources. This will give the source more depth, and it could also include information from more than one source. However, it is written by a woman, who is commenting on the history of women, so it could therefore be slightly bias. This woman could be writing to prove a point, or get recognition for women (i.e. for a feminist movement). On the other hand, source D was a speech made by the Deputy Prime minister of Britain in 1942. It is highly likely that this speech would have been used as a form of propaganda in Britain to keep the moral of women up during the war. They needed to do this to encourage the women to sign up to work in the factories, as the men were away fighting on the battlefields. It is evident in the tone of the source that the government were falsely praising the women to keep them happy. It was a very dull job, and they were trying to make the work they did sound positive, ‘preformed with dead accuracy by girls..’ It is evident that in source C the author is analysing the source, and giving her opinion. ‘Such derogatory remarks†¦.’ It seems that she is giving a very opposed opinion to the magazine article she is commenting on, and all the information that this gives the reader is her opinion of they way women were portrayed at that time. Despite the fact that we do get some quotes from the source she is analysing, we are only given the selection she chooses, and she has chosen those particular parts to back up her opinion. It does appear that women were depicted during the Second World War as ’empty-headed frivolous creatures.’ However, this is only part of the source, and we cannot get the full picture, as the author has picked out certain parts to back up her opinion. The original might depict a different opinion, but we are unable to find that, as we are not given that here in source C. Source D gives us the impression that women were viewed as very skilled, and they could pick up things very quickly, ‘precise engineering jobs†¦ would have made a skilled turners hair stand on end are preformed with dead accuracy by girls who had no industrial experience.’ However this seems very strange, because the general opinion by men during the Second World War was that women were un-skilled and should stay in the home, so it appears that the government were lying to women (i.e. propaganda) so that they could fill in the jobs for men when they were away. The speech was made at the peak of the war, and it would have been crucial that they had enough women to work in the factories. To summarise, I think that source C is more useful as evidence about attitudes towards women in the First World War, as it depicts a more realistic view of what people thought at the time. Women were viewed as insignificant, and more concerned about how they looked. Although it is a bias opinion from a female historian trying to back up her views, it does seem a more historically accurate. Source D could not be used as an accurate view, as it is government propaganda, purposely being used to keep the moral of women high. 2. Source G is being used as an advertisement for Female wardens, and ‘Mrs Peek’s pudding.’ It also seems to be being used to make men more comfortable with their wife’s going into service. It appears to be a form of propaganda; therefore, it is less reliable as a source of information. The first window in the cartoon strip shows a man sitting at the table with his wife eating a meal. In most situations this would not be the case, as men were usually sent away to fight. This does appear to make the advert less accurate. This source shows that men only thought women were useful for putting the meal on the table, or at least it was their duty to do so. The husband in the first caption states ‘cold dinner again!’ as if it was his wife’s duty to provide him with a hot meal every night. The following caption quotes the wife saying ‘oh dear, I’ll have to resign from the post, I just can’t get Jim a hot meal at night.’ Here we see that the woman is hanging on by every word that the man tells her, as if he was superior to her. This very much depicts the attitude that men had to their wives at that time. The last box on the cartoon strip quotes the man saying ‘I guess you’ve resigned your job?’ here we find the man expecting the woman to drop everything that she does, so that she may be of service to him. The woman replies, ‘†¦Mrs Peek is looking after your dinner.’ Again we find the man being superior to the woman. I think that overall this source depicts well the attitude of men towards women in the Second World War. The man expects the woman to drop everything so that she may be of service to him, and that her job does not mean any thing, and the woman seems to agree with it as she knows no other. The only thing that makes the source less reliable is that it seems to be a form of propaganda. 3. When World War II came around, every man In Britain was encouraged to sign up to the forces, and fight for their country, or join some line of service. Originally only men had been asked to sign up, and it was out of the question to ask women to, as they had no skills in work, they were just useful around the home. However, it had not occurred to them that there was going to be a shortage of people to work on the farms, and in the factories when the men had left to go and fight. The government were left with no other option than get the women to fill in the spaces; ‘the women were conductors on the buses taking over until the men came home again’ (source F) Before the war women had fought hard for equal rites, and when the war started it seemed like a great opportunity had opened up. Most women were happy to start with, but then they were treat badly, and they were most definitely not treat with the same respect men were. ‘The people in the country were very resentful, they didn’t make it easy for you, we weren’t really welcome.’ It was hard work for the women, they had been put into hard jobs with no training, but they seemed to manage it, ‘preformed with dead accuracy by girls who had no industrial training.’ It was a new experience for women, and they had been launched straight into it unexpectedly. Before the war a lot of women were happy not to work, but due to the war, they were forced to sign up. This came as a shock to a lot of women. Source J is evidence of this, it shows a copy of an official government announcement to women stating: ‘there must no longer be any doubt in anybody’s mind that every available woman in Britain will have to serve to win this war.’ It wasn’t a decision they could make themselves any more, it was a duty to their country. Despite all of the new opportunities that had been given to women, after the war the men started coming back, and they took back their jobs too. ‘The end o this war brought many unheard and undreamt changes.’ All of the opportunities they had been given had been taken away from them, and it became clear to women that they had only been there to fill in the gaps when the men were away fighting. At first, the war seemed a great opportunity for women to get recognition, and they thought that they had eventually earned what they were fighting for. However they soon realised that they were just there to fill in the space of the men, and when the men got back, they were pushed out of the jobs. It did bring about changes for them at first, but only during the war. When the war was over, everything went back as it had originally been, however, it had made people realise that women were actually capable of doing the work that the men did, and it opened a lot of paths for the future.

Rick Solon, CEO of Orion Bus Company

Regarding your concern about whether historical bidding data can benefit future bids for our bus contract, this is to introduce and recommend a more effective bidding model which could help predict the winning bid and maximize financial returns of the company during bidding process. Firstly, how does the model work? Based on the analysis of the past industry bid data, I discover from the Regression Model (See Exhibit 1) that a strong correlation exists between the winning bid price and several objective factors including Orion cost per bus, the number of units to be purchased, and the bus model, 35’ or 40’, while it has little to do with the condition whether it is diesel-powered or high-floored. Although it’s still hard for us to determine whether to increase the volume of sales or to increase margin at the same volume and produce an absolute price to win the bid due to complex situations, the model does help us gain access to the winning bid price prediction and provide us with an optimal price by taking profit, expected value and winning probability into consideration. Specifically, the highest expected value is the best bidding choice to maximize financial returns. Secondly, how can we apply it in the bid for Louisville, KY bus supply contract? With the aid of the above model, a suggested range of winning bid price is generated which is between $248,001 and $278,189, implying the best choice lies within the interval. Further, Exhibit 2 shows an opposite direction between profit and winning probability, that is, the more profit, the less probability to win, and vice versa. As a result, the key point is how to achieve a best joint between them. Thanks to the model, we can easily arrive at the bid price $259,000 for the contract with the highest expected value $15,034, which is the optimal theoretical bid price with maximum returns in this case. In addition, other subjective factors such as estimates of competitors’ bids should also be considered before making the final decision. The above analysis reveals a significant impact that historical bidding data exerts on the success of our future bid. Accordingly, it’s strongly advisable to collect more information and build database so that more factors could be considered and analyzed for the future bidding. I’m always at your service if you’re interested in in-depth discussion.

For most people, working is simply a means to pay the bills, it has no Essay - 1

For most people, working is simply a means to pay the bills, it has no intrinsic worth. Discuss - Essay Example But the real truth is that regardless of whether one is a caveman or a city dweller, he or she has to make some effort to put food on his table, even if he does not have bills to pay. We work basically to feed our bellies. But is that enough? No, one might say, the glittering world of materialism makes us work towards buying a new set of sofas, a Plasma TV, a shiny new car and God knows what else all in the name of ‘necessity.’ The relationship between work, money and maintaining a lifestyle has corrupted us to such an extent that we have to work to keep up with the Joneses or have our name high up in society. In this essay, I am going to argue that work cannot simply be understood as the means to pay the bills – it has a far deeper meaning for individuals in our society than simply providing for wages or salary. However this does not necessarily mean that it has any intrinsic worth to the individual. Section One of my essay will discuss the readings of Jackson and Carter (2000) and O’Doherty (2006), whereby I shall explore the strong and deep connections between work and an individual’s sense of self- indeed, the search for a secure personal identity. In Section Two subsequently drawing upon the work of Rosen (1988) and others I will show how the managers of modern corporations are explicitly encouraged to design the workplace and motivate employees, so that these employees connect their sense of self with the organizations they work for. But even this does not adequately explain the whole meaning of work for individuals. In Section Three I will discuss the viewpoints made by Jackall (1988), Knights and Roberts (1982), and Morgan (2006) that show the anxiety, subordination and domination that may also describe the unfortunate experience of work for both managerial and non-managerial employees. In conclusion, I will reiterate that work for most of us today is more t han just the means to pay bills - however this does not necessarily mean

Comparing and contrasting the Frye standard, [Frye vs. United States Term Paper

Comparing and contrasting the Frye standard, [Frye vs. United States (293 F. 1013 (DC Cir 1923)], with the Daubert standard [Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (509 U.S. 579 (1993) - Term Paper Example s called â€Å"Fyre in drag.† Problems have come up with this standard, due to the fact that it has led to eyebrows being raised regarding the vitality of the standard and on its flexibility to be able to adjust to different situations and fresh and new scientific matters, where "general" or "widespread" approval is not gathered. Conversely, whether fresh or new, supposedly scientific matters are issues of significance to the court have been quizzed. As a substitute to this standard, many law courts apply Rule 702 of the  Federal Rules of Evidence, as the basis for professional testimony and scientific evidence. In my essay I will provide an explanation of how courts view science and how that view has changed over the last century. I will make also make a prediction of future evidentiary issues for forensic evidence and explain whether forensic evidence in criminal investigations and trials will increase or decrease over the next two decades.   Jason Daubert and Eric Schuller were born with abnormal birth problems that relate to the physicality of the body. Both them together with their real parents had decided to take legal action against Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc, which is a branch of Dow Chemical Company, which is solely situated in some state court in the state of California in the United states of America, They believed that a specific drug in the name of Bendectin had caused the birth abnormalities. Merrell Dow thus transferred the case to federal court, and then made the move for Summary judgment owing to the fact that their legal committee submitted records indicating that no published scientific research and experimentation pointed out a connection between Bendectin and birth abnormalities. Daubert and Schuller, forwarded their professional evidence formulated by themselves which postulated that Bendectin might cause abnormalities resulting from the birth process. In the case in the year 1923, Frye vs united states, 293 F1013(D.C Cir 1923), the

Developing an international marketing plan for an organisation Assignment

Developing an international marketing plan for an organisation - Assignment Example In order to create new customer segments for the newly launched products, the marketers tend to practice extensive marketing strategies and activities. Concerning the industry structure, it can be stated that the medical equipment and pharmaceutical sector is dominated by few major marketers including J&J that has been long serving the customers. Threats of substitutes as well as new entrants are also observed to be low in this industry owing to high degree of regulatory interventions, capital intensiveness and greater dependency on customer as well as stakeholders’ trust (Giudice, & Bolduc, 2006). The Company J&J can be regarded as one of the renowned brands in the global medical equipment and pharmaceutical industry. The company was founded in the year 1886 and is well known for its enduring performances of delivering quality based medical devices and diagnostic products to the global consumers (Johnson & Johnson, 2013). The organization also seeks to embrace adequate research and development initiatives through the integration of innovative ideas which ensures the empowerment of health as well as wellbeing of its wide range of global consumers. The products offered by J&J principally involve maternity kits, childcare products, fast-aid equipments and surgical apparatuses among others (Johnson & Johnson, 2012). Therefore, diversifying by extending its product line through serving a nutrition drink for mothers can contribute towards the brand recognition of the company along with increasing its market share in the Australian medical equipment and pharmaceutical industry. ... The company was founded in the year 1886 and is well known for its enduring performances of delivering quality based medical devices and diagnostic products to the global consumers (Johnson & Johnson, 2013). The organization also seeks to embrace adequate research and development initiatives through the integration of innovative ideas which ensures the empowerment of health as well as wellbeing of its wide range of global consumers. The products offered by J&J principally involve maternity kits, childcare products, fast-aid equipments and surgical apparatuses among others (Johnson & Johnson, 2012). Therefore, diversifying by extending its product line through serving a nutrition drink for mothers can contribute towards the brand recognition of the company along with increasing its market share in the Australian medical equipment and pharmaceutical industry. 2. Situation Analysis 2.1. Business Environment The present business environment in the medical equipment and pharmaceutical ind ustry depicts fierce competition among the handful of dominant marketers in Australia, concerning their wide range of products and/or services as well as market share. In order to successfully launch the health supplementary drinks for mothers in the Australian market, understanding the political and legal factors of the respective market is one of the major decisions as these factors are apparently observed to impose strong influences on the operations of marketers such as J&J (University of Wollongong, n.d.). The following discussion tends to reveal the political and legal conditions of Australia in terms of launching a nutritional drink as a new product by J&J. Political Factors The

Week7 assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week7 - Assignment Example In the process, those who should encourage an alcoholic to get help become part of the hindrance to seeking help. Enabling is the other practice that delays recovery from alcoholism. It refers to a protective behavior in which persons close to alcoholics protect them from experiencing the full consequences of their actions; instead, allowing them to continue drinking in the knowledge that someone is looking out for them. Overcoming enabling is the first step to treating alcoholism. An alcoholic should be prepared to meet the problem personally. Consider a situation where an alcoholic spends money intended for food and paying bills on alcohol. Instead of taking money meant for other purposes to do buy food, the spouse may decide to take the children to a relative’s place for a week and let the alcoholic come to a home without food, lights and water for that period. Only then can such an alcoholic understand and appreciate the depth of the problem. From the delays caused by enabling and denial, it is clear that social factors affect the tendency of a person to abuse substances. Use of high potency marijuana has social impact on society amongst which is the link between marijuana use and violent crime. Studies indicate that crime and drug use occur simultaneously. Friends that encourage others to use marijuana are among the main social factors of high-potency marijuana usage (Stevenson, 2013). Hence, peer pressure and the urge to fit in are rather critical social issues in high potency marijuana use. Second, use of high potency marijuana has adverse social effects on the users; including negative effects on their mind, low esteem, possible addiction and progression to other drugs and obesity (Stevenson, 2013). All these effects negatively affect the social functioning of an individual such as making and maintaining

Lab report Geiger counter and its control unit Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geiger counter and its control unit - Lab Report Example The behavior is illustrated inform of a curve of pulse height against applied voltage. Using the count rate C1 (beginning of the plateau) and the count rate C2 (almost 100 to 10 volts beyond C1). Both count rates were allocated operating voltages V1 and V2 respectively. The values of V and C were used to determine the slope of the plateau using an equation. Once the system is set up in an optimum condition, source 1 is placed on the split holder and the number of count rates per second is measured as N1. While the source is still in place, source 2 is placed in the holder and the equivalent count rate per second taken, as N12. Source 1 is now removed and the number of count rates per second is taken as N2. Finally, this can be used to calculate the dead time. The slope and the percentage slope of the curve can also be worked out from the count rates. The period of time, during and immediately following an ionization event, when the system is insensitive to a further radiation, is referred to as the Dead time. After placing the material in the holder and setting the voltage to a certain value, we stills didn’t record any count rate until we attained a certain value of EHT. This is because the energy is very low below that point to be able to separate them very fast. On the other hand, the behavior of the system depended on magnitude of the potential difference applied between the anode and the cathode. Radioactive material can be used to determine the operating voltage of the Geiger counter, the slope percentage of the plateau and the dead time of the counter. This simply involves radioactive material and recording its EHT and counts rate at a certain amount of time. The count measure occurs due to the radiation released and emitted by the material in the holder. When a specimen or material is in exited state, it means that it has absorbed

Emergency room overcrowding Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emergency room overcrowding - Thesis Example he research will involve the collection and analysis of primary and secondary data with an aim of determining the gravity of the matter, its impacts on service delivery, and to determine the best possible way to tackle this problem. Overcrowding of public and private facilities in different locations and regions is not an uncommon phenomenon. Unfortunately, when people overcrowd a facility or place, several negative things may happen. Some diseases, for one, are easily spread from one individual to the other through the air. Yet again, overcrowding in many cases leads to inefficiency and those who are charged with the duty of providing service may be hampered in their bid to provide their vital services as noted by Gupta, Sharma and Wickramasinghe (2005). Yet again, overcrowding may present vital opportunity to ill minded individuals to engage in certain unethical activities including pick pocketing as noted by Miller (2010). Hospitals being places that are visited mainly by people from various diverse backgrounds have not been exempted from experiencing problems related to overcrowding. In fact, the last couple of years have seen more emergency rooms facing overcrowding. This has led to health experts ringing an alarm over the risks that people expose themselves to due to this worrying trend. There may be many causes of overcrowding in the emergency room as noted by several experts in diverse fields. Some of these causes include higher acuity and need for more complex treatments in some hospitals, rising number of older patients, the existence of fewer healthcare facilities and rising need for emergency cases according to the Joint Commission Resources (2004). While a number of studies have been conducted with respect to hospitals and emergency rooms, very few have been conducted with an aim of addressing the problem of crowding. There are several causes of emergency room overcrowding most of which can be significantly eliminated through the realignment and

The Hands Of The Blacks Essay Example for Free

The Hands Of The Blacks Essay CAN‘T REMEMBER NOW HOW WE GOT ONTO THE SUBJECT, BUT ONE DAY TEACHER SAID THAT THE PALMS OF THE BLACK‘S HANDS WERE MUCH LIGHTER THAN THE REST OF THEIR BODIES BECAUSE ONLY FEW CENTURIES AGO THEY WALKED AROUND ON ALL FOURS, LIKE WILD ANIMALS, SO THEIR PALMS WEREN’T EXPOSED TO THE SUN, WHICH MADE THE REST OF THEIR BODIES DARKER AND DARKER. I THOUGHT OF THIS WHEN FATHER CRISTIANO TOLD US AFTER CATHECHISM THAT WE WERE ABSOLUTELY HOPELESS, AND THAT EVEN THE BLACKS WERE BETTER THAN US, AND HE WENT BACK TO THIS THINGS ABOUT THEIR HANDS BEING LIGHTER, AND SAID IT WAS LIKE THAT BECAUSE THEY ALWAYS WENT ABOUT THEIR HANDS FOLDED TOGETHER, PRAYING IN SECRET. I THOUGHT THIS WAS SO FUNNY, THIS THING OF THE BLACK HANDS BEING SO LIGHTER, THAT YOU SHOULD SEE ME NOW- I DON‘T LET GO OF ANYONE, WHOEVER THEY ARE, UNTIL THEY TELL ME WHY THEY THINK THAT THE PALMS OF THE BLACK‘S HANDS ARE LIGHTER. DONA DORES, FOR INSTANCE TOLD ME THAT GOD MADE THEIR HANDS LIGHTER LIKE THAT SO THEY WOULDN’T DIRTY THE FOOD THAT THEY MADE FOR THEIR MASTERS, OR ANYTHING ELSE THAT THEY WERE ORDERED TO DO THAT HAD TO BE KEPT QUITE CLEAN. SENHOR ANTUNES, THE COCA COLA MAN, WHO ONLY COMES TO THE VILLAGE NOW AND AGAIN WHEN ALL THE COKES IN THE CANTINA HAVE BEEN SOLD, SAID TO ME THAT EVERYTHING I HAD BEEN TOLD WAS A LOT OF BALONEY. OF COURSE I DON‘T KNOW IF IT WAS REALLY, BUT HE ASSURED ME IT WAS. AFTER I SAID YES, ALL RIGHT, IT WAS BALONEY, THEN HE TOLD ME WHAT HE KNEW ABOUT THIS THINGS OF THE BLACK‘S HANDS. IT WAS LIKE THIS: -LONG AGO, MANY YEARS AGO, GOD, OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, THE VIRGIN MARY, ST. PETER, MANY OTHER SAINTS, ALL THE ANGELS WERE IN HEAVEN THEN, AND SOME OF THE PEOPLE WHO HAD DIED AND GONE TO HEAVEN- THEY ALL HAD A MEETING AND DECIDED TO MAKE BLACKS. DO YOU KNOW HOW? THEY GOT HOLD OF SOME CLAY AND PRESSED IT INTO SOME SECOND- HAND MOULDS. AND TO BAKE THEM OF THE CREATURES, THEY TOOK THEM TO HEAVENLY KILNS. BECAUSE THEY WERE IN A HURRY AND THERE WAS NO ROOM NEXT TO THE 3RE, THEY HUNG THEM IN THE CHIMNEYS. SMOKE, SMOKE, SMOKE- AND THERE YOU HAVE THEM, BLACK AS COALS. AND NOW DO YOU WANT TO KNOW WHY THEIR HANDS STAYED WHITE? BECAUSE THEIR HANDS ARE TIED. WHEN HE HAD TOLD ME THIS SENHOR ANTUNES AND THE OTHER MEN WHO WERE AROUND US WERE VERY PLEASED AND THEN ALL BURST OUT LAUGHING. THAT VERY SAME DAY, SENHOR FRIAS CALLED ME AFTER SENHOR ANTUNES HAD GONE AWAY, AND TOLD ME EVERYTHING I HAD HEARD FROM THEM THERE HAD BEEN JUST PACK OF LIES. REALLY AND TRULY, WHAT HE KNEW ABOUT THE BLACK‘S HANDS WAS RIGHT, THAT GOD 3NISHED MAKING MEN AND TOLD THEM TO BATHE IN A LAKE IN HEAVEN. AFTER BATHING THE PEOPLE WERE NICE AND WHITE. THE BLACKS, WELL, THEY WERE MADE VERY EARLY IN THE MORNING, AND AT THIS HOUR THE WATER IN THE LAKE WAS VERY COLD, SO THEY ONLY WET THE PALMS OF THEIR HANDS AND THE SOLES OF THEIR FEET BEFORE DRESSING AND COMING INTO THE WORLD. BUT I READ IN A BOOK THAT HAPPENED TO MENTION IT, THAT THE BLACK HANDS ARE LIGHTER LIKE THIS BECAUSE THEY SPENT THEIR LIVES BENT OVER, GATHERING THE WHITE COTTONS OF VIRGINIA AND I DON‘T KNOW WHERE ELSE. OF COURSE, DONA ESTIFANIA DID NOT AGREE WHEN I TOLD HER THIS. ACCORDING TO HER, IT‘S ONLY BECAUSE THEIR HANDS BECAME BLEACHED WITH ALL THAT WASHING. WELL, I DON‘T KNOW WHAT TO THINK ABOUT ALL THESE, BUT THE TRUTH IS THAT NO MATTER HOW CALLOUSED AND CRACKED THEY MAYBE, A BLACK‘S HAND ARE ALWAYS LIGHTER THAN ALL THE REST OF HIM. AND THAT‘S THAT! MY MOTHER IS THE ONLY ONE WHO MUST BE RIGHT ABOUT THIS QUESTION OF A BLACK‘S HANDS BEING LIGHTER THAN THE REST OF HIS BODY. ON THE DAY THAT WE WERE TALKING ABOUT IT, I WAS TELLING HER WHAT I KNOW ABOUT THE QUESTION, AND SHE JUST COULD NOT STOP LAUGHING. WHAT I THOUGHT WAS STRANGE WAS THAT SHE DID NOT TELL ME AT ONCE WHAT SHE THOUGHT ABOUT ALL THIS, AND SHE ONLY ANSWERED ME WHEN SHE WAS SURE THAT I WOULD NOT GET TIRED OF BOTHERING HER ABOUT IT. AND EVEN THEN SHE WAS CRYING AND CLUTCHING HERSELF AROUND THE STOMACH THAT HAD LAUGH SO MUCH THAT IT WAS QUITE UNBEARABLE. WHAT SHE SAID WAS MORE OR LESS THIS: ? GOD MADE BLACKS BECAUSE THEY HAD TO BE. THEY HAD TO BE, MY SON. HE THOUGHT THEY REALLY HAD TO BE†¦AFTERWARDS, HE REGRETTED HAVING MADE THEM BECAUSE OTHER MEN LAUGHED AT THEM AND TOOK THEM O9 TO THEIR HOMES AND PUT THEM TO SERVE AS SLAVES OR NOT MUCH BETTER. BUT BECAUSE HE COULD NOT MAKE THEM ALL BE WHITE, FOR THOSE WHO WERE USED TO SEEING BLACKS WOULD COMPLAIN, HE MADE IT SO THAT THE PALMS WOULD EXACTLY LIKE THE PALMS OF OTHER MEN. AND DO YOU KNOW WHY THAT WAS? OF COURSE, YOU DON‘T KNOW, AND IT‘S NOT SURPRISING, BECAUSE MANY, MANY PEOPLE DON‘T KNOW. WELL, LISTEN: IT WAS TO SHOW THAT WHAT MEN DO IS ONLY THE WORK OF MEN†¦THAT WHAT MEN DO IS DONE BY HANDS THAT ARE THE SAME HANDS OF PEOPLE WHO, IF THEY HAD ANY SENSE, WOULD KNOW THAT BEFORE ANYTHING ELSE THEY ARE MEN. HE MUST BE THINKING OF THIS WHEN HE MADE THE HANDS OF THE BLACKS BE THE SAME AS THE HANDS OF THOSE MEN WHO THANK GOD THEY ARE NOT BLACK! AFTER TELLING ME ALL THIS, MY MOTHER KISSED MY HANDS. AS I RAN O9 INTO THE YARD TO PLAY BALL, I THOUGHT THAT I HAD NEVER SEEN A PERSON CRY SO MUCH WHEN NOBODY HAD HIT THEM.

The Income Gender Gap Sociology Essay

The Income Gender Gap Sociology Essay Income gender gap can be reviewed at both the individual and institutional level. It refers to the prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory of individuals, and the policies that restrict the opportunities of minorities respectively. SECTION II THE ISSUES AND WHO ARE INVOVLED Income gender gap is also known as the disparity of income between sexes. It has been a debatable issue ever since globalization takes place. In the context of economic inequality, gender gap generally refers to the differences in the wages of men and women. This can be calculated as a ratio of female to male wages (often expressed as a percentage). The female population has been showcasing their talents and it is depending on how the world accounts and utilizes such talent pool to determine the competitiveness of the economies. Gender disparity in income is an issue that has been surfacing worldwide and economies would have been affected as a result. Thus, it was chosen as I openly felt that corrective measures might not have been designed to address the issue on a global scale. Besides, reports have also shown that the gender pay gap has not been fully resolved as many countries workplaces are still faced with the problem of gender discrimination. In this income gender gap report, I aim to highlight the importance of promoting gender equality. This is in hope that creation of greater awareness among a global audience is present, with implementation of good practices and effective measures drawn that can help further reduce gender inequality. An example of common stereotypes stating males being more dominant and females seen as the weaker sex are present. This happens when both sexes working in the same field are being remunerated differently the male with a higher wage as compared to the female. Singapore is not spared in this aspect. Statistics have shown that there is a closing of gender income gap. However, this is only relevant in the occupations of professionals, services/sales and cleaners/labourers. Statistics have shown that employers tend to empower males with prospective occupation tracks that lead them to having high flying careers; however this isnt so for the females. There is more likelihood that employers entrust women with occupation positions that are deemed to be dead-end, or have very little mobility for advancement. This is due to the perception that women will leave their jobs or labour force at times of marriage or pregnancy. SECTION III WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR US TO TALK ABOUT IT? The principle of equality of opportunity is one of the basic tenets of human development. However, the differences in wage between genders speak about how discrimination brings about inequality and places one at an advantage or vice versa. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), progress in reducing the gender pay gap is very slow in Europe and Central Asia. The gender income gap may have narrowed in some countries, but on an international level, it is still not evident as proven by ILO. Improvising of stricter policies and measures should be done in the light of significance in every country and the most effective means of doing so is through governments intervention. The talents of women which involved the capacity for and skills are not equally rewarded. Also, division of work has always been gendered, which left women often experiencing a disparity in the labour market limited positions and rights in companies. Constrain on the economic growth is one of the impacts contributed by gender inequalities in society. In the long run, society will experience greater negative consequences economically, resulting from this discrimination gender inequalities at work. This is because income inequality diminishes growth potential. With gender inequalities reduced, it benefits men and women, children and the elderly, for the poor and as well as the rich. This in turn would lead to the better advancement in economic growth. However, research begged to differ that such reduction in income disparity between genders would be positive. It is argued that higher inequality would be an advantage in encouraging growth in well developed regions although it will hinder growth in poor countries (Robert Barro, 1999). Although the economy at large is still affected, inequality and growth were believed to have no correlation-concluding that inequality neither drives nor impairs growth (World Development Report, 2000). This is also supported by a recent study on income inequality; a society in which income was distributed perfectly equally with respect to gender would not be a desirable place either (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2008). On a fair note during entry level for both sexes, earnings of womens pay have been analyzed in some countries and the increase in earnings is substantial, in addition, even higher than those of men because of their qualifications. This explains that income is based solely on merit of individuals. Still, I believe that this is not practiced internationally, with Singapore a globalized developed country, ranking 84 out of 134 countries, with a score of 0.666 (0.00=inequality/1.00=equality). And for wage equality for similar work, shes ranked 9th (World Economic Forum, 2009). Yet Singapore is still facing these problems at present. For this reason, the gender gap plays a significant magnitude in determining wage. In the perspective of Singapore, females still earn less than males in all occupations. Disparity is even wider when comparing of mean incomes, which implies that males still receive higher wages than their female counterparts as a whole. This is backed by structural constraints in Singapores economy preventing women from attaining similar income. Comparison of the monthly gross salary in the managerial roles shows signs of glass ceiling. The mean gross wage is $7272 for a female, compared to $9065 for a male, and the median gross wage is $5673 for a female, compared to $6450 for a male (Singapore Yearbook of ManPower Statistic, 2009). Predetermined conception that women have shorter employment life-spans and experiences on the job due to pregnancy and traditional domestic duties, such as child rearing and housekeeping is the contributing factor bringing about stereotype against women at the workplace. Studies have shown that these factors accounts for a considerable component of the gender wage gap. Due to womens family-related commitments and priorities, the average woman on the labour market has fewer years of experience than the average man, which contributes to the difference in pay between men and women. Furthermore, an equal position whereby both genders are employed takes into the consideration of National Service. Men trained in the National Service were being favoured, which played a part in the salary differentials. A strong argument cited that because National Service provides men with essential skills such as in leadership, organisation, and decision-making, which is said as to be a pre-requisite in the job market. Awarding them a higher starting salary in the public and private sectors is justifiable. Since National Service is unavoidable, it is deemed as a result that women may be left with little power in the public and private sectors in terms of representation. SECTION IV WHERE CAN WE START TO FIX THE PROBLEM? With males given a higher edge above their female counterparts in the context of wage, it is a prejudice as men is seen as the domineering sex. Thus, with no qualms that such an issue creates inequality in society. Men would be given perks at the expense of the degree and opportunity of womens representation; which are considerably affected by social norms and perceptions regarding womens roles in society. I take the stand that both genders should be given equal benefits based on their qualifications, and hence the pay differentials should not surface. At the individual level, adopting different educational-informational means to alter the aforementioned public perception of womens role in various spheres of society is essential. Using these strategies may boost public awareness of gender stereotyping, ensuring there is minimal social prejudice against women, as well as strengthening a positive insight. With the aim of overcoming uncertain societal nature of womens representation in the labour force, it is necessary to adopt legal constitutional provision on the principle of womens right to be represented. In Singapore, the Government and social partners commitments are affirmed by the addition of an appropriate clause in collective agreements to certify that employers conform to the principle of paying their employees the remuneration based on merit. To conclude, with the implementation of various means would improve the status of female representation and gender equality.

Islamic Banking in Malaysia | Research Introduction

Islamic Banking in Malaysia | Research Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction Background of Studies Islamic Banking is a banking system that based on Islamic Law (Shariah). It follows the Shariah, called fiqh muamalat (Islamic rules on transactions). The rules and practices of fiqh muamalat came from the Quran and the Sunnah, and other secondary sources of Islamic law such as opinions collectively agreed among Shariah scholars (ijma), analogy (qiyas) and personal reasoning (ijtihad). The main principles of Islamic banking are the prohibitions of interest (usury) in all transactions, the undertaking business and trade activities must be based on fair and legitimate profit and the prohibitions of monopoly and hoarding. By doing so, Islamic banks will safeguard the Islamic communities and societies from activities that are forbidden in Islam. Islamic Banking is one of the fast growing banking industries today, many institutions have stepped into this multi-billion dollar booming industry by establishing its Islamic wings and units. Thus it may have a good prospect in the future. Introduction Islamic banks have been operating like other traditional banks about four decades. Like another conventional or commercial bank, they also mobilize deposits and granting loan to other. However, there are some different between Islamic bank and conventional or commercial bank. Islamic bank running the business based on Islamic Law (Shariah). Besides, Islamic banking also prohibited the transactions based on interest rate. Beyond the above distinct, Islamic bank are similar with conventional or commercial bank as the products and services provided are the same. Generally, we can define the Islamic bank as a non-interest based financial institution, which complies fully with Islamic Laws and has creative and progressive financial engineering to offer efficient and competitive banking, investment, trade finance, commercial and real estate financing services (AbdulQawi, O. and O. Lynn, 2001.) Islamic Banking is now one of the worlds largest faster-growing economic sectors, comprising over 300 institutions over 75 countries. Islamic Banking refers to a system of banking, which is following the Islamic Law or Sharia principles and guided by Islamic economics. In Islamic banking, the collection and payment of interest (also commonly called Riba is prohibited. In general, Islamic law also prohibits people from trading in financial risk because is seen as a form of gambling. Besides, investing in businesses that are considered as haram also prohibited in Islamic law. Various Concepts of Islamic Financial Products Profit sharing financial products Musyarakah (partnership/ joint venture) Involve 2 or more parties. All parties invest their money in a business. Distribution of profit will be shared according to the agreed ratio. Losses will be borne by all parties (share the losses on the basis of their equity participation). Mudharabah (profit sharing) There is an agreement between capital provider and entrepreneur. Capital provider provides money for an entrepreneur to carry out a business. Profit will be shared in profit sharing based or pre-profit ratio (Variable rate). Losses have to bear by capital provider of the fund. Qardhul Hassan (benevolent loan) Interest free loan Need to repay the principal amount borrowed plus an extra amount at borrowers borrower ¡Ã‚ ¯s absolute discretion (as token of appreciation) Example: Amanah Ikhtian Malaysian (AIM) The Bank may use an appropriate proportion of the funds at its disposal for what may be considered as the discharge of its social responsibilities through loans to truly deserving customers for worthy economic projects with the underlying objective of support and assistance. The borrower is obliged under Syariah to repay only the principal amount of the loan according to its terms and conditions. The Bank cannot demand the borrower to pay anything apart from the principal amount of the loan, although in Syariah it is desirable that the borrower does so at his/her own discretion. Wakalah (nominating another person to act) A situation A person nominates another person to act on his behalf. Hawala Bill of exchange, promissory note, cheque or draft. Example: a debtor passes on the responsibility of payment of his debt to a third party who owes the former a debt. Thus the responsibility of payment is ultimately shifted to a third party. A mechanism for settling international accounts, by book transfers. This obviates, to a large extent, the necessity of physical transfer of cash. Advance purchase financial products Murabahah (cost plus) Short term loan Involve in asset buying Bank buys it and sells it back to you when it is mature. The price will include a profit margin as agreed to by both parties. (Cost + profit margin) It is similar to housing loan. Payment can pay back in lump-sum or monthly payment and the period of paying back is set by the borrower. Istisna (Progressive Financing) A contract of acquisition of goods by specification or order where the price is paid progressively in accordance with the progress of a job. Ijarah (leasing) Leases equipment, building or other facility At an agreed rental against a fixed charge (agreed by both parties) Deposit products Wadiah Yad Dhamanah (savings with guarantee) For safekeeping or saving purpose. Wadiah is a Trust which means that the depositor must trust the depository. Bank (depository) act as trustee Depository becomes the guarantor who needs to guarantee repayment of deposit. There is no interest t be provided. Depository has provided the return to a depositor as token of appreciation. Return (profit) given based on profit sharing (Fixed rate) Mudharabah Deposit products based on revenue-sharing between depositor and bank, including saving products that can be withdrawn any time and time deposit products. Qard al-Hasanah Unremunerated deposit products, usually for charitable purposes. Insurance products Takaful Islamic insurance with joint risk-sharing History The first modern experiment with Islamic banking was undertaken in Egypt under cover without projecting an Islamic image to avoid of being seen as a manifestation of Islamic fundamentalism that was anathema to the political regime. The pioneering effort, led by Ahmad Elnaggar, took the form of a savings bank based on profit-sharing in the Egyptian town of Mit Ghamr in 1963. This experiment lasted until 1967 (Ready 1981), by which time, there were nine such banks in the country. In 1972, the Mit Ghamr Savings project became part of Nasr Social Bank which, until the date, is still in business in Egypt. In 1975, the Islamic Development Bank was set up with the mission to provide funding to projects in the member countries. The first modern commercial Islamic bank, Dubai Islamic Bank, opened its doors in 1975. In the early years, the products offered were basic and strongly founded on conventional banking products, but in the last few years the industry is starting to see strong development in new products and services. Islamic Banking is growing at a rate of 10-15% per annum and with signs of consistent future growth (Islamic Banks and Financial Stability: An Empirical Analysis, 2008). Islamic banks have more than 300 institutions spread over 51 countries. The earliest form of Islamic Banking in Malaysia was set up by Perbadanan Wang Simpanan Bakal-Bakal Haji (the Pilgrims Management and Fund Board) in 1963. This institution was set up for Muslim to save and assist them to perform a pilgrimage in Makkah as well as to encourage them to participate in investment opportunities and economic. While the first Islamic bank established in Malaysia was Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) which commenced operations on 1 July 1983. The government of Malaysia had introduced a systematic process to implement a proper Islamic financial system among the people in Malaysia. The first phase is the period of familiarization during year 1983-1992, and this is the time that Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad established. During this period, BIMB has developed itself as one of the most respectable financial institutions in the country, and been listed on Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) on 17th January 1992. The second phase was happened in year 1993-2003. In these ten years, the government on Malaysia was aimed on creating a more conducive environment for competition among the banks and give banks to try to capture the market share. During year 1993, the conventional banks were allowed to offer Islamic banking services by setting up Islamic windows or Islamic banking scheme (IBS) to attract the public especially Muslim to involved in. The third phase that commenced from 2004 was the period of further financial liberation. At this time, the government gives the opportunities to foreign Islamic banks to operate in our country by issuing a license to them. Malaysia is the first country that implements dual banking that Islamic banking system and conventional banking system operate side by side. Problem Statement The Islamic banking nowadays is gaining rapidly and going popularity. Many local and foreign banks in Malaysia are offered and open special Islamic Banking counter. In this research, I will focus on the performance, problems and prospect of Islamic banking in Malaysia. There are lots of issues about Islamic banking in Malaysia, such as public acceptance, factors of selection toward the services and products, risk management and others. This will be discussed in the next chapter which is literature review. Even the Islamic banking has been introduced in our country over 20 years, but there still have to meet some problem. Based on the above, the research problems are listed as below: Lack of knowledge among public about the prospect of Islamic banking in Malaysia Lack of understanding about Islamic banking makes the people do not involve in it. Islamic banking has a different risk profile than the conventional bank due to the Islamic prohibited of interest. Public acceptances of Islamic banking are not strong. Research Objective To study the problems and performance of Islamic Banking in Malaysia Islamic Banking has emerged as a new reality in the international financial scene since the 1970s and has been established in Malaysia over 20 years. The emergence of Islamic banking is often related to the revival of Islam and the desire of Muslims to live in all aspects of their life in accordance with the teachings of Islam. This paper is designed to study about the performance of Islamic banking and determine how well it. To analyze the prospect and growth of Islamic Banking in Malaysia Islamic banking has a significant growth in Malaysia. Many local banks as well as foreign banks are now providing Islamic banking and finance services to the public. The factors that determine the prospect and growth need to be studied. As a country that consisted of a dual banking system, Malaysia plays an important role as an example to other countries on how to maintain this kind of banking system. This may give the opportunities to Islamic banking to expand and continue to growth. To find out the public acceptance and awareness of Islamic Finance Product among Malaysian The public acceptance is playing an important role to determine the succession of Islamic banking in Malaysia. Most of the people are dealing with the conventional banking because the interest rate provides a constant return for the customers. Islamic banking advocate interest free makes people think that there is no return by invest their money in Islamic banking services and products. Thus the public acceptances need to be raised as this will only bring a good prospect and future for Islamic banking industry. To study the factor influence the selection of Islamic Banking. Currently Islamic bank strategically offering high quality products and services to satisfy their customers due to the strong competition, a customer expectations for high quality services and rapidly changes of technology. Factors that are reflecting to customers perception and satisfaction on Islamic Banking need to be investigated. This study hope to analyze and determine the perception, quality of services, availability of services, confidence in bank and social and religious perspective about the Islamic banking system. Scope of Studies The scope of studies of this research paper is a focus on the problems, performance and prospect about Islamic banking industry in Malaysia. This paper also introduces various Islamic financial contracts provided and give a briefly describe about the products and services. Besides, this research also discussed about the factors of selection on Islamic banking and some current issues through the literature review. Organization of Research This research is divided into three sections, which includes: The use of literature review to find out what is the current situation about Islamic banking industries. By review these journals, I can easily identify the performance, problems and prospect about Islamic banking industry in Malaysia. This would be the first part of research. After this step, a framework will be developed and to understand the variables. Once the framework is being done, a questionnaire will be created to understand the revolution and the impact of Internet Banking for the users. This questionnaire will then be distributed for results. The third part of the research will be analyzing if the results of questionnaires scientifically and come with conclusions and reasons of particular happening. Once this is being done, then we will formulate various measures that could be done to make the situation more favourable.

Personal Narrative - Mother Ireland :: Example Personal Narratives

Mother Ireland My family is proud to boast a long and rich history mothered by the Emerald Isle of Erin, which is Gaelic for Ireland. My family's clan was first called the O'Neills, and we inhabited the outskirts of a small village which now goes by the name of County Cork. We were minstrels, actors and musicians in the courts of our family's home for many generations. An interesting piece of recent history about my family is that we are closely related to the Kennedys on my father's side. My grandmother was one of the Davises, who in some way were related intimately to the Fitzgeralds, who were John F. Kennedy's mother's close family. And not too many people know this, but one of the young Kennedy ladies had the good fortune of marrying the famous Mr. Arnold Schwartzenagger. I wish to go even farther back, though, to the era of the Medieval Renaissance on the Isle, when my family owned their own lands and estate, and the head of our family was known as one of the first rulers of Ireland. Our family's castle and lands remain standing to this day, but are inhabited by no one for failure to pay twenty million dollars in back taxes over the past three hundred years. So now our family's castle sits as a tourist attraction on the coast of Erin, as a reminder of the rich and time-honored beauty it has brought and will always bring to the Island. Our family owes its debt of gratitude to one young man. The rule who was living in our family's castle at the time had two sons. At the time, having two sons meant that the ruler would have to entrust his lands and properties to one of them when he died. Since the ruler could not decide whom to entrust the castle to, he told them to have boat race around the shores of Roan Innish ("Isle of the Seals, a small island off the coast of Ireland). So it was determined that whoever was first to touch the shoreline on the other side of the island would inherit all of his father's wealth. Well, the race was long and hard, and the younger son grew so tired that he could not row one second longer even though he was so close to the shoreline.

John Locke’s Views on Property and Liberty, as Outlined in His Second T

John Locke’s Views on Property and Liberty, as Outlined in His Second Treatise of Government John Locke’s views on property and liberty, as outlined in his Second Treatise of Government (1690), have had varying interpretations and treatments by subsequent generations of authors. At one extreme, Locke has been claimed as one of the early originators of Western liberalism, who had sought to lay the foundations for civil government, based on universal consent and the natural rights of individuals. [1] Others have charged that what Locke had really done, whether intentionally or unintentionally, was to provide a justification for the entrenched inequality and privileges of the bourgeoisie, in the emerging capitalist society of seventeenth century England. The crux of these arguments either way have centered on Chapter 5 in the Second Treatise, entitled ‘Of Property’. John Locke’s ‘Of Property’: Locke was dissatisfied with explanations given by such authors as Robert Filmer, which had sought to rationalize the absolutism of monarchs by establishing that God had given all property to Adam and his heirs (based on the claims of Monarchs that they were indeed his descendents). Rather, his aim at the beginning of Chapter 5 is â€Å"to show how men might come to have a property in several parts of that which God gave to mankind in common, and that without any express compact of all the commoners.† [2] Locke’s first assumption is that although God gave â€Å"the world to men in common,† all men have a ‘right’, in the first instance, â€Å"to their preservation, and consequently to meat and drink and such other things as nature affords for their subsistence.† [3] Each individual has also been given â€Å"reason to make use of it to the best advan... ...London, Allen & Unwin, 1976. Bibliography: Gough, J.W. John Locke’s Political Philosophy: Eight Studies, London, Oxford University Press, 1950, Ch. 4. Hundert, E.J. ‘Market Society and Meaning in Locke’s Political Philosophy’ in Journal of the History of Philosophy, XV (1977) Locke, John (edited by Peardon, Thomas, P.) The Second Treatise of Government, New York, Bobbs-Merrill, 1952 [1690], Ch. 5. Macpherson, C.B. The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke, London, Oxford University Press, 1962, Part 5. Ryan, A. ‘Locke and the Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie’ in Political Studies, XIII:2 (June, 1965) Ryan, A. Property and Political Theory, London, Oxford University Press, 1987, Ch. 1. Weber, Max, (trans. Talcott Parsons), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, (2nd edn.), London, Allen & Unwin, 1976. John Locke’s Views on Property and Liberty, as Outlined in His Second T John Locke’s Views on Property and Liberty, as Outlined in His Second Treatise of Government John Locke’s views on property and liberty, as outlined in his Second Treatise of Government (1690), have had varying interpretations and treatments by subsequent generations of authors. At one extreme, Locke has been claimed as one of the early originators of Western liberalism, who had sought to lay the foundations for civil government, based on universal consent and the natural rights of individuals. [1] Others have charged that what Locke had really done, whether intentionally or unintentionally, was to provide a justification for the entrenched inequality and privileges of the bourgeoisie, in the emerging capitalist society of seventeenth century England. The crux of these arguments either way have centered on Chapter 5 in the Second Treatise, entitled ‘Of Property’. John Locke’s ‘Of Property’: Locke was dissatisfied with explanations given by such authors as Robert Filmer, which had sought to rationalize the absolutism of monarchs by establishing that God had given all property to Adam and his heirs (based on the claims of Monarchs that they were indeed his descendents). Rather, his aim at the beginning of Chapter 5 is â€Å"to show how men might come to have a property in several parts of that which God gave to mankind in common, and that without any express compact of all the commoners.† [2] Locke’s first assumption is that although God gave â€Å"the world to men in common,† all men have a ‘right’, in the first instance, â€Å"to their preservation, and consequently to meat and drink and such other things as nature affords for their subsistence.† [3] Each individual has also been given â€Å"reason to make use of it to the best advan... ...London, Allen & Unwin, 1976. Bibliography: Gough, J.W. John Locke’s Political Philosophy: Eight Studies, London, Oxford University Press, 1950, Ch. 4. Hundert, E.J. ‘Market Society and Meaning in Locke’s Political Philosophy’ in Journal of the History of Philosophy, XV (1977) Locke, John (edited by Peardon, Thomas, P.) The Second Treatise of Government, New York, Bobbs-Merrill, 1952 [1690], Ch. 5. Macpherson, C.B. The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke, London, Oxford University Press, 1962, Part 5. Ryan, A. ‘Locke and the Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie’ in Political Studies, XIII:2 (June, 1965) Ryan, A. Property and Political Theory, London, Oxford University Press, 1987, Ch. 1. Weber, Max, (trans. Talcott Parsons), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, (2nd edn.), London, Allen & Unwin, 1976.

Aztec Culture

Research Paper: Aztec Culture The Aztec culture dates all the way back to the 13th century. Some say that a few Aztec people still survive, although they are not exactly â€Å"pure. † Their culture was derived from South America. In this research paper the plan is to inform and explain to the teacher that the Aztec were an impressive group of people for their time period because they were so advanced in science, agriculture and were far more civilized than people from other regions had assumed during that time period. What caused the collapse of such a refined empire?Moving on to government and political systems, the Aztec people’s started off with what is called the Calpulli – the basic unit of government. Each group is made up of multiple families and these families own land together. Whoever is made the leader of the Calpulli group is in charge and responsible for all the needs of everyone in the group. They set up what is called telpochalli – school fo r the common citizens. Leaders of these groups collect taxes as well. Although in cities the Calpulli leader is less family based and more about the region and surroundings (Cotrill).The next section of their government goes on to the nobility and councils. People in the nobility and council held a lot of power in society but they were not automatically put in government positions. Every city had a Calpulli and each Calpulli has a leader. All of the leaders from each group made up a council, these held a lot of the power in their government system. In the early to middle 1400s there were 3 main city-states that held the most power. The 3 city-states together were called the â€Å"Triple Alliance,† which was located in Mexico Valley. Each of these had a name; there was, Tenochtitlan, Texaco, and Tlacopan.Tenochtitlan came to dominate the whole empire itself. For each council an executive council is formed within it. Four members are chosen to lead; one of these chosen members is the tlatcani – leader of the city. Finally we come to the Huey Tlatcani which means â€Å"great speaker. † This person led the city, and was worshipped as a god and also considered the emperor (Cotrill). The emperor was supported by judges, governors, hosts of other officials, and priests. Even though the emperor was given â€Å"absolute power† in some sort of form, sometimes people also had a say. Emperors were chosen in a partially democratic system, meaning they ould be removed from power at any time. Archaeologists and historians are unsure of how any certain Aztec person was chosen to get the position of Huey Tlatcani. It was not hereditary but it did have something to do with family lines. The control of the Aztec empire did not go everywhere in Mexico. Lands that the Aztec people conquered and claimed as their own did have to pay a price of tribute to them, but still had a certain amount of freedom. The gain of land was accomplished by warriors making attacks on surrounding areas, where they also took sacrificial prisoners.Most of the time, when villages, towns or cities were captured by the Aztec, it was an incentive bringing more trade and better goods to be traded along with infrastructure. So where in history did the Aztec contribute to us? Well to start, they didn’t have twenty different ones, they had about 5. The first one of these is onions and horses and this is not technically an invention or contribution but it was introduced to them by the Spaniards. Education was not seen as a â€Å"must† or a â€Å"need† by most countries during their time, yet the Aztec people made it mandatory.Unlike in countries today there are rules and regulations to education. In some countries you can’t go to school if you are a girl, yet in others it doesn’t matter what sex you are. Black, white, poor, rich, middle class, low class, it didn’t matter to the Aztec. School was for everyone (Cotrill). An other thing introduced was popcorn, yes, popcorn. It was first used by the Aztec people for head dresses and for honoring the God of Maize and Fertility; this god is also named Tlaloc. This item was not eaten until years later and was mainly popular for Aztec use only.Foods are important in understanding cultures a second from the Aztec was chocolate. Where would you be today without it? This item was exceedingly valued by them and was used as a currency. They also demanded cacao beans which played a part in the tributes they made to their gods. A drink was made from the chocolate that the Aztec called â€Å"xocoatl† – meaning bitter water, this word was actually invented by the Aztec people themselves (Cotrill). The Aztec culture brought about chewing gum and instead of calling it gum or something of the sort they called it â€Å"chicle† which is what some Mexican vendors still all it today. Although, when the Spaniards showed up they destroyed their trading ro utes and the gum or â€Å"chicle† disappeared with it. The item didn’t show back up for another 350 years. Aztec people were actually good with medicine and knew some things about it. For the time period they were living in they were considered to be advanced. One of the main things they had used for medicine was called â€Å"antispasmodic medicine† this helped to prevent muscle spasms. It could be useful during surgeries and was made from what is still growing today and that is a passion flower.The passion flower is still used as an herbal remedy which is believed to help insomnia, high blood pressure, and epilepsy. The Aztec culture was not a poor one. The Aztec were simple in clothing, but not in economy. They were very rich as a country and would have been considered a first world country. Though their culture seemed simple since they wore little and lived simple lives they were very smart, Aztec people knew of value, and of money. Cocoa beans were the main form of money, which was used the most. A single rabbit would cost 30 cocoa beans.Something common in their trading system was to trade a child, most likely a daughter, for 600 cocoa beans. This should not come as a surprise since they also made human sacrifices to honor their gods. There was another type of money used, though not as often. It was treasured by the Aztec people and was highly valued. This form of money was called â€Å"quachtli†. Quachtli is a type of cloth used to make clothes. Legends say that during the time of the Aztec 10 pieces of this cloth was enough to support an Aztec for 6 months in the big city of Tenochtitlan (Cotrill).Trade was a major source of the Aztec’s income. The biggest trading market was located in Tlatelco. The Tlatelco had a large variety of goods which made it the most accommodating for people, over 60,000 came per day to visit. Whatever you wanted or needed was found here, cloth, corn, seeds, spices, pottery, etc. Not all villa gers grew crops which led to other Aztec people being able to specialize in other trades. Some of the trades included were feather workers, stone workers, lapidary, and metallurgy workers. The economy of this culture came to a slow halt as soon as the Spaniards arrived.They destroyed trading routes, cities, took control, and made rules. Fighting with the Spaniards caused the Aztec people no time to grow crops and this was the start of the downturn for their economy. A somewhat discussed subject that we’re moving forward on is the social system of the Aztec people. They did not have very complex social system, just two main groups. The first group is the higher ranked of the two. Nobles, which were called pipiltin and pilli for singular usage made up the higher status people of the Aztec culture.The people in this group received a more extent education than other people in the culture. Also, these people were allowed to decorate their houses to their choosing and wear superior clothes compared to that of the average people of the town, village, or community they were living in. Nobles mostly held places in the office of government, but not all, some were craftsmen of different sorts, and a few were even the palace servants. Even if they were given a lower ranked area of work it was possible to move up to a new or more suited position just by doing a good job at what was presently assigned.Second to the Nobles were the Commoners or what were called by the Aztec; macehualli, which these were the people who worked the land of the area. Not all people worked the land, albeit some were stuck working land forever you could also move up a bit in this class with some hard work. The poor of this class could sell themselves and become a slave, eventually working off their debt. Slaves were not treated badly at all, they even had laws that firmly protected them. Commoners also included craftsmen and merchants.The merchants were given more opportunity and could trav el, sell, trade, and were given more respect than most in this class. Soldiers can be included in both classes because even if they started out at a low rank they could work their way up to being a noble, and become a pilli. The classification of the Aztec culture is fairly simple. They were rich. Aztec people possessed many, many, manyimportant goods that you could not easily get around the world. Being a first world country was not exactly and easy task.Unbeknownst to them though, was that they had predators lurking in the shadows (Spaniards) that wanted their gold, cocoa beans, and much more. Their society and area was highly valued. Plus, the land they lived on was not known by many people and had not been explored. Aztec people were civilized, eminent, smart, cunning, and ethical, but their empire did fall. Not all things last forever as history shows us. Spaniards eventually came in search of new land and treasures such as gold, upon which they found the Aztec people. Invaded on November of 1519 the Aztec people welcomed the Spaniards.Cortes was a Spanish conquistador looking to conquer them. At first, the outcome looked to be in the favor of the Aztec people, but because their religion called for sacrificing hundreds to thousands of people they lost many of their own that could have been used in battle. The Spaniards brought the smallpox disease with them, which was not purposely but did favor Cortes’ side when the time came for battle. Twenty-five percent of the Aztec people died from smallpox. By 1520 the Aztec people were low on food, and still dying of the smallpox disease, eventually it claimed their emperor’s life.In 1521 Cortes finally conquered them and they surrendered. In conclusion, even though the pure Aztec race was ruined by a change in their culture from the Spaniards’ invasion there are descendants left, but with little Aztec blood in them. The legends told, pottery, huts, temples, and much more still remain in Mexic o. Life in their society was very well planned and put together, yet when the Spaniards arrived that all changed. Disease, death, famine, and much more caused them to lose hold of their culture. They went from being the richest in their country to being slaves and commoners to the Spaniard conquistadores.A lot of their culture was destroyed with the invasion so most researchers have little to go on. The possibilities of how different their society would have been if the Spaniards were defeated, or had never come into contact with the Aztec people are infinite. References â€Å"Aztec Economy. † edublogs. edublog, 9 Mar. 2011. google. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. . (Aztec Economy edublog) â€Å"Aztec: Economic and Trade System. † PLU. Pacific Lutheran University, n. d. google. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. . (Pacific Lutheran University) Baquedano, Elizabeth. Aztec, Inca, and Maya. : Eyewitness Books, 1993. Baquedano) Cottrill, Jaime. Aztec-History. Ed. Jaime Cottrill. , 2006. Google. Web. 1 0 Oct. 2011. . (Cotrill) Outline I. Intro a. Aztec Culture b. In this research paper the plan is to inform and explain to the teacher that the Aztec were an impressive group of people for their time period because they were so advanced in science, agriculture and were far more civilized than people from other regions had assumed during that time period. II. Political System III. Major Contributions to Human History IV. Economy V. Social System VI. Classification VII. Reasons for Success/Destruction VIII. Conclusion

Antigone society

In, being self-centered about Ideas frequently affects peoples' judgement Sophocles raises this Issue in his play Antigone. He believes that listening to the wise benefits your judgement, but the result of refusing to listen leads to tragic outcomes. Sophocles uses Ate to develop the characters' Inability to take In others' perspectlve_ Sophocles first addresses the tragic results of not listening through Anugone's refusal to take advice. In Sophocles's prologue, Ismene states â€Å"[Shel has no strength† for burying Polynlces against the states' jurisdiction, while Antigone pronounces thatIsmene â€Å"use[s] that excuse† to avoid trouble (Sophocles 76-83}. Even though Ismene says she doesnt have the strength to go against the state, she really means that she doesnt have the willpower to choose between the Gods' and Creon's law because defying either law will result In punishment. Even though Ismene Is belng cautious ot her choices, Antigone believes Ismene is toolish t or not siding with her. Antigone chose to believe herselt without thinking about Ismene's point ot view. In result, Antigone ends up putting herselt between both the laws ot the lands and the God's law, which results in her entombment.In addition to Antigone putting off her sisters' point of view, Sophocles uses Antigones inability to take others perspective into consideration. During CreonS and Antigone's argument. Creon expresses his opinion of Polynices betrayal of the city by saying. â€Å"The good dont want to share honors with the bad† (Sophocles 534-6). Antigone retaliates by mentioning, Mho knows that is considered righteous below . . I cannot share their hate, only their love† (Sophocles 536-8). Creon's belief that Polynices shouldnt be honored in burial conflict with Antigones', in which Polynices deserves burial to honor the Gods' laviAntigone doesn't realize Creon's point of view, standing up for the city, and goes with her own belief without taking Creons' into account. Despite standing up for herself, Antigone's failure to acknowledge Creon's perspective causes her demise Even after being locked away behind a boulder, Sophocles proves Antigone's disastrous consequences when Antigone, â€Å"[hangs herself] by the neck, fastened by a noose of fine linen† (Sophocles 1226-7)_ Antigone, trapped In a cave due her actions, hung herself so she wouldn't die at the hand of Creon. Anugone's refusal to listen to others'Ideas, such as creons, lead her to trouble and death, supporung Sophocles's maln point that tragic consequences come from refusing to listen. Antigone's refusal to take advice results In her unfortunate demise. In addltlon to Antigone's downfall due to blind recklessness, Sophocles uses Creon to display how tragic consequences develop trom not listening. During the first scene ot Antigone, the Guard explains to Creon that he â€Å"[wlshesl to tell [Creon his time, Creon's reaction is that, â€Å"[The Guard] is trying to t alk around the problem. † (Sophocles 245).The guard is cautious of explaining the bad news, trying to void blame, while Creon assumes the guard is guilty due to him talking around the problem. Creon's lack of the guard's point of view causes him to blame the innocent, which later causes Haemon commit suicide because Creon punishes his love. Even though Sophocles uses Creon's actions to show tragic outcomes, he also uses Creon's frustration to demonstrate his inability to look at other peoples' perspective. During a dialogue between Creon and the Guard, the guards asks, â€Å"May I say something, or should I Just turn and go? (Sophocles 325) Creon, agitated due to the breaking of his aw, exclaims, miou have annoyed me Just by saying that† (Sophocles 326). Creon's frustration towards someone breaking his law resulted in him not fully understanding that the guard didn't want to bother the king while he was mad.. The guard was nervous to explain his point of view to Creon d ue to his recklessness after Antigone defied his law. In result to the guards inability to explain his perspective, Creon becomes even more agitated and promises to kill him if he doesn't find out who touched the body.Sophocles ends his play by showing the reader Creon's destroyed life after not taking advice through others' perspective. Creon's son guided the sword, leaned on it and thrust it into his ribs.. † while Haemon â€Å". Creon's wife † struck herself in the heart with her own hand. † (Sophocles 1240-1; 1321) Creon's wife and son both killed themselves due to his refusal to listen to others advice. If Creon had only listen to others and used their perspective as well, his family wouldn't have taken their own lives. Creon's self centered ways of not taking advice destroyed his family.Even though Creon is used to show that consequences develop through not taking advice, Sophocles also uses Creon's and Haemon's stubbornness to demonstrate the tragic result of not listening. Sophocles provides an argument between Creon and Haemon in which Haemon retaliates to Creon's saying, â€Å"At our age, taught reason by a man so young† by declaring â€Å"Taught nothing that is not Just! If I am young, I do not need more time to study what's right† (Sophocles 738-40). Creon believes that Haemon is too young to be credible and taken seriously because of his age.Haemon however, considers himself credible due to the fact that Creon is making horrible decisions . Creon, not yet knowing that his decisions are tragic, and Haemon, not knowing that his dad doesnt see what's going on, end up fighting. Because Haemon's nd Creon's stubbornness get in the way of them seeing each others point of view, Haemon runs away and ends up committing suicide. After discussing credibility and getting nowhere, the father and son discuss the distinction between what the â€Å"fellow- citizens deny' and â€Å"[how the city shouldn't] tell [Creon] how [he] ou ght to rule it† (Sophocles 745-6).Haemon brings up the issue of the citizens siding with Antigone to bury Polynices body. They believe Polynices should obtain a proper burial no matter what even if he betrayed the city or not. Creon argues that the citizens of Thebes shouldn't be telling the king how to rule the city. Creon believes that the king should uphold all the power and not give the citizens a choice. Creon and Haemon argue for two different sides of the law neither, which adds even more tension and perspective. After all of this arguing between Haemon and his father, Haemon â€Å". thrusts a sword] into his ribs† and Creon loses everyone who he cared about (Sophocles 1241). Haemon killed himself due to the lack of support he was shown by his father. Creon's inability to listen to Haemon's point of view cause his own son to kill himself. By not listening to each other, both Haemon and Creon suffer from onsequences with one of them dying and the other one having to go through life without anyone who cares for him. Creon and Haemon suffered because they both lacked the capability to express other ideas than their own.As a different way to express his theme, Sophocles uses Ismene's and Antigone's discussion to prove not taking helpful advice can ruin a relationship. After learning Antigone was caught, Ismene admits, â€Å"l did the deed if she consents, and I will take and bear the charge† (Sophocles 552-3). Antigone answered with, â€Å"But Justice will not allow this to you, since neither did you want nor did I share it. (Sophocles 554-5). Ismene, caring for her only family member left, tries to save her sister from death with the cost of hers.But Antigone doesn't allow Ismene to do this and convinces Creon that she definitely broke the burial law. This causes Antigone to be doomed by the law of the land, resulting in her death. After having her sister announced guilty, Ismene asks, â€Å"But now-what can I do to help you now' (Sop hocles 568). Antigone replies by telling her, â€Å"Save yourself. I do not grudge you your escape† (Sophocles 569). Ismene gives her last efforts to comfort Antigone through her time of need, but Antigone rejects Ismene's offer and declares she wants nothing.Antigone didn't listen to her sister, overcome with pride for burying the body, and Just gave up her only way to live. By letting her pride take place of her mind, Antigone gives up her life because she didn't listen to Ismene's offer. Due to Antigone's actions, she â€Å"[hangs herself by a noose]† and Ismene disappeared, never being mentioned again (Sophocles 1227). Ismene, not wanted by her sister in anyway, disappears from the play to never be spoken of again. Antigone however, suffers from not letting her sister take the blame and finally commits suicide to end the pain.Antigone would not be dead if she let her sister take the blame, but due to her inability to listen to good advice, she ends up dying. In the end, both Ismene and Antigone suffer due to Antigone's rejection of advice. Sophocles demonstrated listening to others' advice and the consequences of not throughout the play. From being stubborn and not taking beneficial advice to not opening your mind to another persons' point of view. Sophocles wrote Antigone with many lessons for our current society. His most important lesson being that listening to good counsel benefits you now but also in the future.

Apple iPhone Essay

Japan to Apple iPhone â€Å"No Thanks† and Would Mickey Mouse Eat Shark Fin Soup these two case studies shows what happens when consumer behavior and marketing mix in globalization goes very wrong. These two studies reveal how marketer think they are giving a wonderful product and service in the case of Apple’s the iPhone and Disney the Shark’s Fin Soup. Understanding the consumer’s behavior and the customs and values of the culture impacted these two campaigns. Apologies good media press and changes in the strategy to get the approval of the consumers. Both case studies points out the impact of technology and how it at first affected the campaigns for bad with negative that changed the reputation of both companys. Apple’s dilemma was very embarrassing for the company with negative reports and predictions of how the iPhone was going to sell in Japan. The propaganda was already put out to the media about the Japanese saying No Thanks to Apple concerning the iPhone 3. Apple thought that Japan would be ecstatic with the new product but supposedly the opposite occurred with reports of weak showing of the iPhone3. Of course with Apple being the cutting edge in technology and innovation in the western world Japan did not feel the same way about Apple’s iPhone3. First Japan was a hard market to try to get into the for Apple and their competition Nokia, and Motorola, whose attempts to grab Japanese customers were futile. So this was going to be a difficult campaign for Apple. At the time Japan was hostile toward western brand including Nokia and Motorola which I thought were Japanese brands. What’s wrong with the iPhone, from a Japanese perspective? The high monthly data plans that go with it, its lack of features, the low-quality camera, the unfashionable design and the fact that it’s not Japanese. Besides cultural opposition, Japanese citizens possess high standards when it comes to cell phones. The country is famous for being ahead of its time when it comes to technology. Japanese consumer rather would use their own brand even if the feature is not used frequently. For example, Japanese handset users are extremely into video and photos .The iPhone had neither a video camera nor multimedia text messaging. A highlight feature enjoy on their handset is a TV tuner. Many consumers also used their cell phone as their only computer device and also as a TV. The monthly rates was considered to expense and many consumers did not want to pay the monthy bill. Apple had to make  decision because the consumer’s behavior was very different in Japan. The Japanese in the time of No Thanks were more communal than individualistic which a new trend with the younger generation is. They were not considered conspicuous consumption they way it is in western countries. The Japanese way of consumer behaving was inherited from Edo Period of history (each class had it own code) Brand shopping revealed two things about the Japanese consumer social status and quality of product. Japanese consumers are known for being demanding with products. The Japanese consumer shopped mostly in department stores but now this is changing with malls. The Japanese consumer is a cautious spender and that is why the monthly charge for service was problem for Apple. They are also very environmental aware and health conscious. Apple did not understand that Japan demographic of aging is very large with life expectancy being vey long. So Japan has a big 60 plus consumers demographic that live by the old tradition, values and customs. These consumer behaviors were very different from the western marketer Apple did not take these in to consideration when the iPhone came out. The marketer had to start at zero level and make huge marketing decision for the Japanese market. Quality of the iPhone its features had to be reintroducing to the consumers to the cell phone market in Japan. Many iphones were given away so as to help the consumer get comfortable with the iphone a great strategy. The monthly pricing had to be adjusted but they really had to do with the value of the Yen. The Bloomberg report today notes that the iPhone has captured 72 percent of the Japanese market. High price, lack of a video camera and support for multimedia messaging, all three of those shortcomings have been addressed. â€Å"Softbank w ho Apple used to sell iPhones gives away the phone for free, and Apple has added a video camera and support for multimedia messaging. The Bloomberg report further suggests that those moves were just what the iPhone needed to gain a foothold in Japan, which we also acknowledged in a report published August 2009.†(Tewney ,2008) Would Mickey Mouse Eat Shark’s Fin Soup? Became fiasco for Disney with reports that Disney wool start serving Shark Fin Soup to their customers in Disney Hong Kong. In a feature dated May 18, the Hong Kong Standard reports that shark fin soup, along with roast suckling pig and sliced abalone, will be included in wedding banquets Disney is promoting at the two hotels at the Hong Kong Disneyland resort. Shark’s fin soup is a traditional Chinese  delicacy popular at weddings and other important social events. Eating shark’s fin soup carries cultural significance and is seen as luxurious and a display of affluence and generosity. However the process by which sharks are caught and killed to provide the ingredients has long been criticized for the way in which fins are h arvested. A 2004 survey by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) found that out of 262 shark species around the world, 56 were endangered. The Hong Kong Standard publishes a follow up to the story on May 23 and reports that Disney’s plans to serve shark’s fin soup have outraged local environmentalists. Under the environmentally umbrella Disney has integrated conservation efforts into its daily operations. The company says its employees around the world proactively support environmental initiatives through all aspects of its business and states that it is â€Å"committed to balancing environmental stewardship with our corporate goals throughout the world.† Disney lesson was tradition and customs no longer overruled environmental issues because affluent consumer wants a certain food or clothes. The voice of green and environmental safety out powered and was louder than the money of the wealth who wanted the Shark Fin Soup. With the new rising environmentalist animal cruelty advocate this was not going to be easy for the affluent consumer to win. Disney was going to have to make a decision not to serve the soup at all and it did. Globalization, can intentionally or otherwise remove social and cultural differences, which can often have a bearing on consumer behavior and in turn, lead to brands developing a more consistent global identity, one which doesn’t have to worry about the backlash of possible misinterpretation in other parts of the world. This isn’t to say that marketers believe cultural issues are no longer important. In fact, quite the opposite is true. The more information a brand holds about the world and its contrasting consumers the more chance it has of understanding and manipulating them. The interlocking of economic spheres is another aspect, which has affected consumer behavior for very different reasons all together. The European Union and the combine currency of Euro connecting different countries with the same currencies make for a huge consumer behavior being established. This was also the problem with Apple’s because Japan does not have the same cultural values as the western hemisphere which was a learning campaign for Apple’s globalization. The arrival of the Internet and advances in technology have succeeded in breaking down social and cultural barriers, but have not succeeded in stopping the masses from being continually guided by those who are learning more and more about them and the way they behave. In conclusion these two global business dilemma help to open the way for a precise understanding of different culture that helps with evolving of globalization to include all cultures and to give the best culturally socially, environment decision while giving the best service and product. Reference Key Characteristic of The Japanese Consumer (2014) Retrieved from: http://www.slideshare.net/rpretet/key-characteristics-of-japanese-consumers CRS ASIA (2014) Retrieved from :http://www.csr-asia.com/weekly_news_detail.php?id=5318 Consumer Behavior (2014) Retrieved from:http://publicresearchsystems.blogspot.com/2009/01/report-on-global-factors-affecting.html Why Japans Hate Apple (2014) Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2009/02/why-the-iphone/ . â€Å"Softbank who Apple used to sell iPhones gives away the phone for free, and Apple has added a video camera and support for multimedia messaging. The Bloomberg report further suggests that those moves were just what the iPhone needed to gain a foothold in Japan, which we also acknowledged in a report published August 2009.† Why Japans Hate Apple (2014) Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2009/02/why-the-iphone/ Would Mickey Mouse Eat Shark’s Fin Soup Retrieved from:http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/17/business/worldbusiness/17 shark.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

Dbq 9

America felt the need to move towards the idea of foreign policy from 1895 to 1920; their success was a combination of idealism and self-interest. Both were influential in the decision to venture outside of U. S borders. America expanded due to idealistic view such as: The White Man’s Burden, Religious motivation, a social contract with the Western Hemisphere and the Spanish American War. However, self interest offered more of a substantial force with America’s desire for a stronger Navy, foreign market, power, pride, and the influences of the Roosevelt Corollary.When both ideas are combined they create one of the most influential and globally shaping decisions of our world. America’s decision to expand their foreign policy influenced their idealistic views. America especially felt the need to assist the less fortunate and successful nations in the western hemisphere, which is called the White Man’s Burden. This is described in (Document C). This poem show s the feelings of the American people, the poem’s optimistic tone and uplifting morale portrays the justification the colonization of less developed and successful countries.Many of America’s missionaries decided to leave the land of the free and help other countries and their populations through education and the gospel. Missionaries were sent out to spread their religion and to help people who were not as fortunate as others. American men and women set up schools and hospitals in SE Asia and taught children the basic principles of science and math. (Document D) shows a picture of American missionaries teaching in China. Citizens of the government served as inspiration for the expansion of its foreign policy.America was caught in a feeling of moral obligation to its western countries. It then became morally bound to help those in times of need. The government became stuck in their good deeds. It was difficult to maintain its policy of individualism with this moral arr angement. The Spanish American War was a main factor that led America to gain foreign policy. While Cuba was struggling for independence in the late 1890s, the Spanish created a form of concentration camps in response to the revolts to keep prisoners from assisting the rebels.They believed that if they kept the citizens in these camps, they could not mount a large enough force to overthrow Spanish power. Over the time of the camps habitation, approximately a third of all prisoners were killed by the time of the camps liberation. America felt obligated to assist the Cubans due to their burden of the white man, pushing their foreign policy higher. America was given no choice; they were forced to break down their wall of individualism. This was the impetus for America’s colonial expansion.Shortly after their adventures in Cuba, America gained both Puerto Rico and the Philippines. On the other hand, self-interest, a powerful and influential factor, influenced America greatly. Ame rica was still on the rise to becoming a world power; one requirement for a world power is a powerful and efficient Navy. America had the potential to become a sea power but it lacked power on the global stage. America’s Navy was centralized near the motherland; their navy had to be present in all waters across the earth. America needed ports around the globe to refuel and re-supply.By creating ports around the world, America expanded itself and became a created a global presence. Also a big problem in the early 1900s was overproduction, farmers continued to create more product than they could sell. This can be largely contributed to America’s lack of a foreign market. The American people alone were too small to consume all of the products. This need for foreign investors drove the Americans to expand for economic purposes. This can be shown by the excerpt in (Document B). † An introduction of foreign consumers brought an influx of variety and mixture of products .America was still standing outside of the world power circle peering in. This created a desire and want from the American people to become a world leader and global power. Greed for power pushed Americans to become more aggressive and assertive on the world stage. Americans saw the addition of colonies as a way to gain power and recognition on the world stage; this led to the colonization of Puerto Rico and the Philippines, some of Americas expansion is shown in (Documents E and F). One thing was for sure, America had war pride, it was the citizens duty to prove their success in war.This pride that they felt is shown in (Document A), where it states â€Å"Anew consciousness seems to have come upon us- the consciousness of strength-and with it a new appetite, the yearning to show our strength†¦Ã¢â‚¬  An example can be found in the events following the publication of the De lome letter. Enrique Dupuy de Lome, who was the Spanish and Cuban Minister, wrote the letter. The letter stated that president McKinley was weak. The Americans found this offensive and shortly after its publication, the Spanish and Americans were at war. Document G) exhibits how Americans were done with their peripheral lifestyle; they were tired of being the little guy. The influences of the Roosevelt corollary were drastic and obvious. The proclamation showed America’s intentions and exhibited the fact that America was ready to expand and come out of its isolationist cocoon. It served as a message to the world that America had arrived on the global stage. However, America’s arrival on the world stage wasn’t without struggle. This struggle can be shown through (Document H). The political cartoon depicts the U. S.A joining happily with, or marrying, foreign entanglements through the League of Nations. It also depicts the U. S Senate objecting to the marriage showing that America’s decision to become a world power wasn’t without struggle or objection. The tension between what the people wanted and what the Senate wanted was on opposite spectrums. The people gained the win even though the Senate claimed it was against the Constitution. Obviously the push to expand America’s foreign policy cannot be attributed to idealism or self-interest alone. A combination of both created a push to leave the comforts of our borders.One is not more important than the other; they alone would not have achieved what is achieved today. This push created one of the largest current powers on the globe. One has to think; where would we be today if President Roosevelt and the American people had decided to stay isolated. America truly changed the name of the game by coming out of their bubble and stepping into the world. In retrospect Foreign Policy was not achieved through one thing, Foreign policy is like any good casserole; there are many ingredients and varying measurements of each.